Definition, Discussion, and Examples of Close Reading

Definition, Discussion, and Examples of Close Reading Close reading is a thoughtful, disciplined reading of a text. Also called close analysis and explication de texte. Though close reading is commonly associated with New Criticism (a movement that dominated literary studies in the U.S. from the 1930s to the 1970s), the method is ancient. It was advocated by the Roman rhetorician Quintilian in his Institutio Oratoria (c. 95 AD). Close reading remains a fundamental critical method practiced in diverse ways by a wide range of readers in different disciplines. (As discussed below, close reading is a skill thats encouraged by the new Common Core State Standards Initiative in the U.S.) One form of close reading is rhetorical analysis. Observations English studies is founded on the notion of close reading, and while there was a period in the late 1970s and early 1980s when this idea was frequently disparaged, it is undoubtedly true that nothing of any interest can happen in this subject without close reading.(Peter Barry, Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, 2nd ed. Manchester University Press, 2002) Francine Prose on Close Reading We all begin as close readers. Even before we learn to read, the process of being read aloud to, and of listening, is one in which we are taking in one word after another, one phrase at a time, in which we are paying attention to whatever each word or phrase is transmitting. Word by word is how we learn to hear and then read, which seems only fitting, because it is how the books we are reading were written in the first place. The more we read, the faster we can perform that magic trick of seeing how the letters have been combined into words that have meaning. The more we read, the more we comprehend, the more likely we are to discover new ways to read, each one tailored to the reason why we are reading a particular book.(Francine Prose, Reading Like a Writer: A Guide for People Who Love Books and for Those Who Want to Write Them. HarperCollins, 2006) The New Criticism and Close Reading In its analyses, new criticism . . . focuses on phenomena such as multiple meaning, paradox, irony, word play, puns, or rhetorical figures, whichas the smallest distinguishable elements of a literary workform interdependent links with the overall context. A central term often used synonymously with new criticism is close reading. It denotes the meticulous analysis of these elementary features, which mirror larger structures of a text.(Mario Klarer, An Introduction to Literary Studies, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004) The Aims of Close Reading [A] rhetorical text appears to hideto draw attention away fromits constitutive strategies and tactics. Consequently, close readers have to employ some mechanism for piercing the veil that covers the text so as to see how it works. . . . The principal object of close reading is to unpack the text. Close readers linger over words, verbal images, elements of style, sentences, argument patterns, and entire paragraphs and larger discursive units within the text to explore their significance on multiple levels.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies. Sage, 2001) [I]n the traditional view, close reading does not aim to produce the meaning of the text, but rather to unearth all possible types of ambiguities and ironies.(Jan van Looy and Jan Baetens, Introduction: Close Reading Electronic Literature. Close Reading New Media: Analyzing Electronic Literature. Leuven University Press, 2003) What, really, does a critical close reader do that the average person on the street does not do? I argue that the close-reading critic reveals meanings that are shared but not universally and also meanings that are known but not articulated. The benefit of revealing such meanings is to teach or enlighten those who hear or read the critique. . . . The critics job is to uncover these meanings in such a way that people have an aha! moment in which they suddenly agree to the reading, the meanings the critic suggests suddenly come into focus. The standard of success for the close reader who is also a critic is therefore the enlightenment, insights, and agreement of those who hear or read what he or she has to say.(Barry Brummett, Techniques of Close Reading. Sage, 2010) Close Reading and the Common Core Chez Robinson, eighth-grade Language Arts teacher and part of the leadership team at Pomolita Middle School, says, Its a process; educators are still learning about it. . . . Close reading is one strategy being implemented for teaching students higher level thinking skills, focusing on depth rather than breadth. You take a piece of text, fiction or non-fiction, and you and your students examine it closely, she says. In the classroom, Robinson introduces the overall purpose of the reading assignment and then has students work independently and in partners and groups to share what they have learned. They circle words that are confusing or unknown, write out questions, use exclamation marks for ideas that surprise, underline key points. . . . Robinson uses examples from Langston Hughes work, especially rich in figurative language, and refers specifically to his poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers. Together, she and her students investigate each line, each stanza, piece by piece, leading to deeper levels of understanding. She plays an interview with him, assigns a five-paragraph essay on the Harlem Renaissance. Its not that this hasnt been done before, she says, but Common Core is bringing a new focus to the strategies.(Karen Rifkin, Common Core: New Ideas for Teachingand for Learning. The Ukiah Daily Journal, May 10, 2014) The Fallacy in Close Reading There is a small but immitigable fallacy in the theory of close reading, . . . and it applies to political journalism as well as to the reading of poetry. The text doesn’t reveal its secrets just by being stared at. It reveals its secrets to those who already pretty much know what secrets they expect to find. Texts are always packed, by the reader’s prior knowledge and expectations, before they are unpacked. The teacher has already inserted into the hat the rabbit whose production in the classroom awes the undergraduates.(Louis Menand, Out of Bethlehem. The New Yorker, August 24, 2015)

MBA Career Opportunities by Field of Study

MBA Career Opportunities by Field of Study An MBA (Master of Business Administration) degree opens up a wide variety of career opportunities, depending on the specialty you choose. Nearly every industry imaginable has the need for someone with an MBA. The type of job you can get will depend on your work experience, your MBA specialization, the school or program you graduated from, and your individual skill set. MBA Careers in Accounting MBA students who specialize in accounting could choose to work in public, private, or government accounting careers. Responsibilities may include managing accounts receivable or accounts payable departments and transactions, tax preparation, financial tracking, or accounting consultancy. Job titles may include accountant, comptroller, accounting manager, or financial accounting consultant. MBA Careers in Business Management Many MBA programs offer only a general MBA in management without further specializations. This inevitably makes management a popular career option. Managers are needed in every type of business. Career opportunities are also available in specific areas of management, such as human resources management, operation management, and supply chain management. MBA Careers in Finance Finance is another popular option for the MBA grad. Successful businesses always employ people who are knowledgeable about various areas of the financial market. Possible job titles include financial analyst, budget analyst, finance officer, financial manager, financial planner, and investment banker. MBA Careers in Information Technology The information technology field also needs MBA grads to oversee projects, supervise people, and manage information systems. Career options can vary depending on your MBA specialization. Many MBA grads choose to work as project managers, information technology managers, and information systems managers. MBA Careers in Marketing Marketing is another common career path for MBA grads. Most large businesses (and many small businesses) use marketing professionals in some way. Career options could exist in areas of branding advertising, promotions, and public relations. Popular job titles include marketing manager, branding specialist, advertising executive, public relations specialist, and marketing analyst. Other MBA Career Options There are many other MBA careers, including entrepreneurship, international business, and consulting. The MBA degree is highly respected in the business world, and if you network properly, update your skills regularly, and stay abreast of the industry you are interested in, your career options are virtually endless. Where to Find MBA Careers Most quality business schools have a career services department that can assist you with networking, resumes, cover letters, and recruiting opportunities. Take full advantage of these resources while you are in business school and after graduation. Online sites specifically dedicated to MBA graduates are another good source for your job hunt. A few to explore include: MBACareers.com - A place to search for jobs, post a resume, and explore career resources.MBA Highway - Provides online networking community, job search resources, and a job search engine powered by Indeed.The Best Consulting Firms for MBAs - A list of ThoughtCos best places to work as a consultant using your MBA degree. MBA Career Earnings There is really no limit to what you can earn throughout an MBA career. Many jobs pay in excess of $100,000 and allow for opportunities to earn bonuses or additional income. To determine average earning for a specific type of MBA career, use a Salary Wizard and enter the job title and location.